Are Religion and Science in Conflict? — Science and God

Does belief in God get in the way of science? The idea that science and religion are inevitably in conflict is a popular way of thinking today. But the history of science tells a different story.

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Script:

Can you believe in God and science at the same time?

So-called “New Atheists” like Richard Dawkins and scientific materialists like Neil deGrasse Tyson certainly don’t think so. To them, religion gets in the way of science. In their view, more science leads to less God. 

This is not a new position. It was first expressed over a hundred years ago by English physician John Draper in a book titled, A History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science.  

Draper, who was deeply influenced by Darwin’s then-new theory of evolution, regarded organized religion as a direct and existential threat to the advancement of science. As he put it “. . . [Religion] and Science are… absolutely incompatible; they cannot exist together…mankind must make its choice—it cannot have both.”

So, are science and religion inevitably in conflict? Have they always been?

Well, not exactly.

In fact, the giants who established modern science—astronomer Johannes Kepler, chemist Robert Boyle, physicist Sir Isaac Newton and others—were deeply religious men. They didn’t see any conflict between science and religion. On the contrary: they thought that by doing science, they were discovering God’s design and revealing it to mankind.

Indeed, it’s no exaggeration to say that the Judeo/Christian religious tradition led directly to modern science. 

To back up this claim, Cambridge University historian of science Joseph Needham posed a famous “Why there? Why then?” question.

Why there—in Europe. Why then—in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Why didn’t modern science start somewhere else before then?

After all, the Egyptians erected pyramids. 

The Chinese invented the compass, block-printing, and gunpowder. 

Romans built marvelous roads and aqueducts. 

The Greeks had great philosophers. 

Yet none of these cultures developed the systematic methods for investigating nature that arose in Western Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

This realization led Needham and other historians of science such as Ian Barbour and Herbert Butterfield to look for some other “X factor” to explain why “the scientific revolution” occurred where and when it did. 

Here is the conclusion they reached:  

Only the Judeo-Christian West had the necessary “intellectual presuppositions” to enable “the rise of science.”  

So, what were those presuppositions?

We can identify three. All find their origin in the Judeo-Christian idea of a Creator God who fashioned an ordered universe.  

First, the founders of modern science assumed the intelligibility of nature—that nature had been designed by the mind of a rational God, the same God who also made the rational minds of human beings. 

Thus, these men assumed that if they used their minds to carefully study nature, they could understand the order and design that God had placed in the world.

Second, they assumed an underlying order in nature. 

This was best expressed by philosopher Alfred North Whitehead who argued, “There can be no living science unless there is a widespread instinctive conviction in the . . . Order of Nature”—a conviction he attributed to belief in “the rationality of God.”

This idea led to the unprecedented use of mathematics to describe the orderly processes at work in the world, and inspired the invention of better instruments, such as telescopes and microscopes, to see that order.

And third, these founders of modern science presupposed the contingency of nature. This simply means that God had many choices about how to make an orderly world.

Just as there are many ways to design a clock, there were many ways that God could have designed the universe. To discover how He did, scientists could not merely deduce the order of nature by assuming what seemed most logical to them; that is, merely using reason alone to draw conclusions, as the Greek philosophers had tried to do. 

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